Magical Realism as a World View :: Magical Realism Literature

Magical Realism as a World View Magical Realism is the way in which a person views the world through a type of art. Magical realism deals with emotions, and it also discovers what is mysterious and meaningful in life. According to Franz Roh, in painting, is the way a person views the world through art (18, 20). Magical Realism has many characteristics that include many other ideas. Magical Realism can be observed in other subject areas, too, such as the logotherapy of Victor Frankl. Simpkins mentioned that "real life" is the "Real magic" (152). He also said that realism is heightened by magic (148-152). However, Leal felt that Magical Realism focuses on the marvelous in the real (122). Amaryll Chanady feels that Magical Realism is focused more toward reality (131). In Victor Frankl's novel Man's Search for Meaning, Frankl discusses finding this magic in life in what he calls will-to-meaning. Frankl, a twentieth century psychiatrist, states that "life ultimately means taking responsibility to find the right answer to its problems and to fulfill the tasks which it constantly sets for each individual" (122). This concept is what he called will-to-meaning. Some forms of will-to-meaning are hunger, humiliation, fear, and deep anger at injustice (8). Some importance of will-to-meaning is that he had to find a sense of responsibility in his existence (9). One of the characteristics from will-to-meaning was finding responsibility. In the story Like Water for Chocolate, a magical realist story, a girl named Tita found her circumstances so awful that she found the meaning in her cooking and gave responsibility for life. She was always getting her heart broken because she loved a man named Pedro and could not be with him. Therefore, she learned to have a responsibility for cooking. She could have rebelled and left, but she knew that she had a responsibility to cook for her family and the man whom she loved. Tita found magic in her circumstances and viewed the mundane as beautiful helping her to live successfully in these terrible circumstances. Magical Realism can be observed in other subject areas, too, such as the logotherapy of Victor Frankl. Finding examples in other "real-world" fields of study helps in understanding Magical Realism as a

Nursing Home

Previously, availing of a health care service was a great concern on the part of the patients. Some of the possible common concerns are poor number of health professionals, non availability of treatments and even inaccessible domains from which to acquire health services However, due to the development of various initiatives to make health care conveniently available, one of the most promising alternatives for the elderly population is to avail of the nursing home services.Nursing home service can be seen as an integral part of health care institutions today. This segment of providing quality health care has been realized so that people who need to get medical and health attention outside of the hospital premises can still obtain the most needed service. Nursing and health professionals can now have special arrangements to be designated in various households in which care is needed for special reasons. One very practical ground is the physical limitation of the patients especially th e elderly.Do elderly people will really benefit from the nursing home program? One good approach is to see the advantages. There are so many benefits senior citizens may be able to get from this health program. In a particular perspective, it can simply become the most sensible way for patients to get the service they need even if they are not within the parameters of a normal health institution.There are several advantages for the elderly if they are to avail the home nursing service. The first of which comes in the aspect of convenience. As what that program intends to accomplish, nursing aides and caregivers will be able to provide their services in an extended time since they will be staying at the current home where the patient is situated. Because of such arrangement, patients will be able to get immediate attention for whatever needs they may request. Because of the high rate of monitoring time that the elderly can get from professionals, they can be assisted in doing almost all ordinary tasks that may be too difficult for them to handle by themselves. According to the facts in the Thomas Day report, some of the top rating nursing home assistances tabulated were bathing, dressing, managing personal possessions and managing money.Another good benefit for the elderly in availing these nursing home services can be attributed on the aspect of cost. Apparently, most nursing home facilities were already designated to have special arrangements with various insurance companies and Medicare as stated by Terrence Moynihan of Vitalco. Actually, it can be more cost effective on the part of the patient and his family to acquire external services without the need to consolidate all their money in paying for services from a third party institution.Many of the patients are subsidized in a particular time frame by institutions which are connected to the healthcare programs both public and private entities. Moreover, nursing home institutions accredited by the government can somehow provide the same facilities which hospitals have. Of course, these utilities like those in hospitals can be very expensive at first glance but can be very reasonable according to Consumer Information about nursing facility myths.If an elderly is recovering from a particular illness, surgery or other physical factors, additional benefit can be realized. While it is already important to have a very good system which will look after the welfare of the patient, it is also vital that emotional and social aspects be nurtured. Obviously, elderly people suffer from a great change in their philosophy in life which may affect their relationships with their immediate family members. According to the University of Texas publication, late life mentalhealth can also change dramatically. However, in a home nursing facility, they may be able to interact with other patients and other people to whom they can easily share experiences, have small conversations with and maybe even develop g ood bonds of friendship. Thus, the patient will not just be healed physically but emotionally as well.One last advantage of a nursing home program for the elderly is that the overall health standing of the patient can be easily accessible and conveniently retrieved by parties which concern the welfare of the patient. For example, since the nursing home facility will be able to track down and take note of the progress of the patient, it will be much easier for the facility and other health care institutions to coordinate with each other if the exchange of information will be needed in the future.If a patient will need to undergo a special treatment or healthcare process in a hospital or clinic, then the departments concerned can easily recover records from other health care facilities for faster decision making on how to address the needs of the patient. In terms of health care, information can be a very important commodity especially if the situation of the client worsens. In some s ituations, ease in transfer may also be sighted as a good implication in availing nursing home services. To make it more practical, some institutions were authorized to have a â€Å"dual registration†. These enable the patients to avail both residential and nursing home services without the need to change locations according to the Devon County CouncilGiving the proper care to the elderly using the most effective alternatives in realizing the intention can become one of the most significant goals of the society to further improve the integrity of its social responsibility to the aged. Because of the creation of nursing home facilities, patients can now enjoy to acquire the best possible services for all their needs.ReferencesConsumer Information. 2005. Living in a Nursing Home Myths and Realities. Retrieved November 27, 2007Day, T. 2007. About Nursing Homes. Long Term Care Link. Retrieved November 24, 2007 from http://www.longtermcarelink.net/eldercare/nursing_home.htm  Dev on. 2007. Choosing a Residential or Nursing Home. Devon County Council. Retrieved November 24, 2007 from http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/socialcare/older_people/residential_nursing_care/moving_into_a_care_home_in_devon_2.htm.Moynihan, T. 2005. Paying for Nursing home Care. Vitalco. Retrieved November 27, 2007 from http://www.vitalco.net/messanger/Archives/PAYING%20FOR%20NURSING%20HOME%20CARE-2.pdf.University of Texas. 1997. Understanding Late Life Mental Health. Retrieved November 27, 2007 from http://hcpc.uth.tmc.edu/understanding_late_life_mental_health.htm Nursing Home Previously, availing of a health care service was a great concern on the part of the patients. Some of the possible common concerns are poor number of health professionals, non availability of treatments and even inaccessible domains from which to acquire health services However, due to the development of various initiatives to make health care conveniently available, one of the most promising alternatives for the elderly population is to avail of the nursing home services.Nursing home service can be seen as an integral part of health care institutions today. This segment of providing quality health care has been realized so that people who need to get medical and health attention outside of the hospital premises can still obtain the most needed service. Nursing and health professionals can now have special arrangements to be designated in various households in which care is needed for special reasons. One very practical ground is the physical limitation of the patients especially th e elderly.Do elderly people will really benefit from the nursing home program? One good approach is to see the advantages. There are so many benefits senior citizens may be able to get from this health program. In a particular perspective, it can simply become the most sensible way for patients to get the service they need even if they are not within the parameters of a normal health institution.There are several advantages for the elderly if they are to avail the home nursing service. The first of which comes in the aspect of convenience. As what that program intends to accomplish, nursing aides and caregivers will be able to provide their services in an extended time since they will be staying at the current home where the patient is situated. Because of such arrangement, patients will be able to get immediate attention for whatever needs they may request. Because of the high rate of monitoring time that the elderly can get from professionals, they can be assisted in doing almost all ordinary tasks that may be too difficult for them to handle by themselves. According to the facts in the Thomas Day report, some of the top rating nursing home assistances tabulated were bathing, dressing, managing personal possessions and managing money.Another good benefit for the elderly in availing these nursing home services can be attributed on the aspect of cost. Apparently, most nursing home facilities were already designated to have special arrangements with various insurance companies and Medicare as stated by Terrence Moynihan of Vitalco. Actually, it can be more cost effective on the part of the patient and his family to acquire external services without the need to consolidate all their money in paying for services from a third party institution.Many of the patients are subsidized in a particular time frame by institutions which are connected to the healthcare programs both public and private entities. Moreover, nursing home institutions accredited by the government can somehow provide the same facilities which hospitals have. Of course, these utilities like those in hospitals can be very expensive at first glance but can be very reasonable according to Consumer Information about nursing facility myths.If an elderly is recovering from a particular illness, surgery or other physical factors, additional benefit can be realized. While it is already important to have a very good system which will look after the welfare of the patient, it is also vital that emotional and social aspects be nurtured. Obviously, elderly people suffer from a great change in their philosophy in life which may affect their relationships with their immediate family members. According to the University of Texas publication, late life mentalhealth can also change dramatically. However, in a home nursing facility, they may be able to interact with other patients and other people to whom they can easily share experiences, have small conversations with and maybe even develop g ood bonds of friendship. Thus, the patient will not just be healed physically but emotionally as well.One last advantage of a nursing home program for the elderly is that the overall health standing of the patient can be easily accessible and conveniently retrieved by parties which concern the welfare of the patient. For example, since the nursing home facility will be able to track down and take note of the progress of the patient, it will be much easier for the facility and other health care institutions to coordinate with each other if the exchange of information will be needed in the future.If a patient will need to undergo a special treatment or healthcare process in a hospital or clinic, then the departments concerned can easily recover records from other health care facilities for faster decision making on how to address the needs of the patient. In terms of health care, information can be a very important commodity especially if the situation of the client worsens. In some s ituations, ease in transfer may also be sighted as a good implication in availing nursing home services. To make it more practical, some institutions were authorized to have a â€Å"dual registration†. These enable the patients to avail both residential and nursing home services without the need to change locations according to the Devon County CouncilGiving the proper care to the elderly using the most effective alternatives in realizing the intention can become one of the most significant goals of the society to further improve the integrity of its social responsibility to the aged. Because of the creation of nursing home facilities, patients can now enjoy to acquire the best possible services for all their needs.ReferencesConsumer Information. 2005. Living in a Nursing Home Myths and Realities. Retrieved November 27, 2007 from http://www.longtermcareliving.com/family/myths/myth14.cfm.Day, T. 2007. About Nursing Homes. Long Term Care Link. Retrieved November 24, 2007 from h ttp://www.longtermcarelink.net/eldercare/nursing_home.htmDevon. 2007. Choosing a Residential or Nursing Home. Devon County Council. Retrieved November 24, 2007 from http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/socialcare/older_people/residential_nursing_care/moving_into_a_care_home_in_devon_2.htm.Moynihan, T. 2005. Paying for Nursing home Care. Vitalco. Retrieved November 27, 2007 from http://www.vitalco.net/messanger/Archives/PAYING%20FOR%20NURSING%20HOME%20CARE-2.pdf.University of Texas. 1997. Understanding Late Life Mental Health. Retrieved November 27, 2007 from http://hcpc.uth.tmc.edu/understanding_late_life_mental_health.htm

Contribution of Great Philosopher Jyotirao Phule Essay

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was a great activist, thinker, social reformer, writer and philosopher. He contributed in flelds like education, agriculture, women and widow upliftment. DhananJay Keer, his biographer, mentions him as â€Å"the father of Indian social revolution† Source of Inspiration After being insulted at wedding of a Brahmin friend, Jyotirao decided to defy the caste system. He served Shudras and women who were deprived of all their rights as human beings. Social Actlvlsm He opened girl’s school in August 1848. As no teacher dared to work in a school in which untouchables were admitted as students, he educated his wife, Savitrlbai, and enabled her to teach the girls. On 24 September 1873, Jyotlrao formed ‘Satya Shodhak Samar. Maln objective of the organization was to liberate Shudras and Ati Shudras. Contributions in Primary Education Jyotirao was not satisfied with the quality of primary education imparted. Therefore, he came up with a list of actions to Improve It. Curriculum & Role of Teacher 1 OF3 Wanted curriculum should be utilitarian and practical so as to cover the needs of the society. Formulated the course content and included reading, writing, accounts, general history, general geography, grammar, elementary knowledge of agriculture and a few lessons on moral duties and sanitation. Teachers to be properly trained and certified. Teachers should mix with students freely and understand their wants and desires. Role of Governing Body Upgraded the supervising agency to have better monitoring over these primary schools. Compelled municipalities to maintain all the primary schools within their respective limits. Worked to get adequate grants for primary schools from provincial funds. Recommended that Government should formulate the scheme of scholarships and rewards for the needy and deserving students. Disbelieved in vedas He was criticized in disbelieving in vedas. He considered Vedas as ‘idle fantasies’ as ‘palpably absurd legends’. He considered Vedas a form of false consciousness’. He maintained that at the root of all calamities was the blind faith that religious books were created or inspired by god. All established religious and priestly classes find this blind faith useful for their purposes and they try their best to defend it. Criticized caste system Phule preferred British rule to the regime of the Brahmins. He was aware of the shortcomings of the former and he never hesitated to point them out openly. His mission was to bring about an egalitarian society where all men and women would enjoy liberty; Phule criticized the contemporary rulers if he felt that their policies went against lower caste, whether it was educational policy. the pernicious system of high class education. He complained against the government in neglecting the downtrodden masses. Conclusion Throughout his life, Jyotirao Phule fought for the emancipation of the downtrodden eople and the struggle, which he launched at a young age ended only when he died on 28th November, 1890. Though he was often accused of fomenting hatred between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins, very rarely an attempt was made to consider his scathing criticism in a broad perspective. The later generations also took considerable time to understand and appreciate the profound significance of his unflinching espousal of the ‘rights of man’ which remained till the end of his life a major theme of his writings and a goal of his actions.

driving forces for KFC essays

driving forces for KFC essays What forces are driving change in the industry? The forces that are driving change in the industry are, the entry of Boston Market and Chick-fil-As and other companies with different types of chicken. Boston Market was a new restaurant chain that emphasized roasted rather than fried chicken. Boston Market created the image of an upscale deli offering a healthy, home-style alternative to fried chicken and other fast foods. To make their different from other competitive, Boston Market refused construct drive-through and established most of its units outside of shopping malls rather than major city intersection that would attract large numbers of customer, Also the different taste of chicken appealed to customer who preferred non-fried. Later Boston Market filled bankruptcy and McDonalds acquired Boston Market. Which opened the industry to Popeyes Chicken as a major competitor to KFC. Popeyes Chicken shifting the focus to Cajun fast food, launching a Louisiana Legends One-Pot Cajun Meal of jambalaya, gumbo, shrimp, and crawfish etou fee. Also Churchs also enter the industry offering made-from-scratch southern image, and later added buffalo chicken wings, macaroni, and cheese, bean and rice, and collard greens. Chick-fil-As focused on pressure-cooked and char-grilled skinless chicken breast sandwiches, that were sold to customers in sit-down restaurants in shopping malls, and later open smaller units in mall food courts, hospitals, and colleges. All the different variety of chicken was forces driving change industry. Also changes in demographic tends posed as a force driving change in the industry. Rising incomes, greater affluence among a greater percentage of American households, higher divorce rates and rising number of single households, increased the demand in fast-food restaurants. Most families were begin to eat-out more rather then cooking at home, increased consumer alternativ...

Sundance movies to watch for

Sundance movies to watch for 15 Sundance movies students are looking forward to 2017 Sundance Film Festival offers a great variety of exciting movies. You will be able to choose something really interesting for yourself among different comedies, documentaries, dramas, ghost stories, and biopics. Call Me by Your Name (Luca Guadagnino) This new Guadagnino`s film is really gorgeous, passionate and warm. It is a romance between a seventeen year-old American-Italian boy and a summer guest at his parents` mansion, which is situated on the Italian Riviera. This magical summer will change their lives for good. Guadagnimo tries to feel his characters out without touching them. Call Me by Your Name was acquired by Sony Pictures Classics and is awaiting a release date. The Big Sick (Michael Showalter) The Big Sick is definitely a comedy that people are looking forward to. It is very interesting, that the writers of the screenplay, Kumail Nanjiani and Emily V. Gordon, based this story on their own relationship. It is a story about how a Pakistani-American stand-up comedian and an American woman deal together with their cultural differences in order to make their relationship grow. The Big Sick was acquired by Amazon and is awaiting a release date. Wind River (Taylor Sheridan) Wind River is a serious-minded film about the murder investigation in the Native American reservation. The main characters get into the place, where the laws of nature eclipse the rules of law. Taylor Sheridan pays attention to every detail, from the weather to the predators, shows the astonishing sense of place with its imposing wilderness. Wind River is awaiting acquisition. Quest (Jonathan Olshefski) It is definitely the most touching documentary you have ever seen. It is a non-romantic true love story between a humble teacher and a 12 year old graffiti addict. It is about an unexpected turn, the life of a family can take. It is about the tragedy, which hit the family and ruined all their plans. This film is awaiting distribution. Landline (Gillian Robespierre) Landline is a wonderful, wise and witty comedy about a family living in the 1990`s. It is full of secrets and touching moments, when everybody desperately tries to do the things right. It is about the tenderness and the endless truth. The story tells about a teenager, who lives with her parents and sister in Manhattan. One day she finds out, that her father has an affair with another woman. Landline was acquired by Amazon and is awaiting a release date. Columbus (Kogonada) Columbus tells you a story about two young people, who take care of their ill parents instead of pursuing their own dreams. His father is in a come and her mother is a recovering addict. They are completely from the opposite sides of the world, but the potential loss of their parents unites them to go ahead. Columbus is awaiting acquisition. A Ghost Story (David Lowery) A Ghost Story is an eerie, playful, inventive supernatural tale about longing, grief, and love. It is a story of a ghost and the house he haunts. David Lowery explores the inexpressible relationship between people and the meaning they give to the places they live and value. This film impresses with its inventive story and the producer`s delicate touch. A Ghost Story was acquired by A24 and is awaiting a release date. Mudbound (Dee Rees) It is an epic and extraordinary drama about the unending struggle against and for the land, heritage, and friendship. This story is about two families after the World War II, which should deal with racism and barbaric social hierarchy in Mississippi. They simultaneously fight the battle abroad and the battle at home. The combination of gorgeous cinematography and poetic voiceover is really impressive. Mudbound is awaiting distribution. Ingrid Goes West (Matt Spicer) Ingrid Goes West is a comedy about a mentally disturbed young woman, who is obsesses with Instagram celebrities. She falls in love with one of them and decides to befriend him. From that moment, her behavior is increasingly dangerous and unsettling. This film is full of dishy details, thoughtfulness and great performances. Ingrid Goes West was acquired by Neon and is awaiting a release date. Strong Island (Yance Ford) Strong Island is a documentary, in which Yance Ford explores the death of her brother, which changed her life for good. William Ford was shot by a mechanic after an argument between them. She wants to figure out what happened and why the murderer was allowed to go free. She describes how this tragedy affected her. Strong Island is awaiting distribution. To the Bone (Marti Noxon) To the Bone is a smart and strong movie about choosing to live no matter what. It is about the young woman, who deals with anorexia and is desperate. Her life changes, when she meets an unconventional doctor, who challenges her and return her the desire to live and embrace life. She struggles with disordered eating with other patients. To the Bone was acquired by Netflix and is awaiting a release date. Patti Cake$ (Geremy Jasper) Patti Cake$ is a pleasing movie about a North Jersey girl, who is an aspiring rapper and wants to make all her dreams about the superstardom come true. She is stuck in Lodi, fighting with everybody, who hates her. It is a story of a funky talent and big dreams. Patti Cake$ was acquired by Fox Searchlight and is awaiting a release date. Tell Them We Are Rising: The Story of Black Colleges and Universities (Stanley Nelson) Stanley Nelson created a well-researched and fascinating documentary about the evolution of the United States` black colleges and universities. Their story is told for the first time. It is about their triumphs and challenges. These colleges and universities educated and brought up the leaders of the freedom movements. This movie aims at educating the people. Tell Them We Are Rising will air on PBS later this year as part of the network`s Independent Lens series. Thoroughbred (Cory Finley) Thoroughbred is a movie that hides the ugly side behind its beauty. This story is about two teenage girls, who rekindle their friendship after years of growing apart. Their lifestyles are opulent, but one day they decide, that a murder can solve some of their problems. Thoroughbred was acquired by Focus Features and is awaiting a release date. The Force (Peter Nicks) The Force is a documentary about the controversial Oakland Police Department`s misconduct. The officers struggle to rebuild trust in one of America`s most violent cities. Their situation is extremely complicated and solutions can be wildly complex. The Force is awaiting acquisition.

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - Term Paper Example Countless NPOs, in some countries referred to as NGOs, work for various causes and spend their entire fortune on their causes. Such organizations may include SOS Home Villages, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Red Cross organizations, and many others (Rottman, 2012a). Similar to these organizations is another one known as the United Services Organization (USO). The USO is an American organization committed to the morale boosting and the spiritual enhancements of the American troops and their respective families all over the world. It is an organization which supports and aids the US troops spiritually. This organization serves the US troops in nearly 14 countries worldwide, 27 states nationwide, with nearly 250,000 volunteers working hard in 160 centers worldwide (Howell, 2011). Ethical Significance Considering the ethical and moral values of the USO, we will find a very strict policy regarding the organization’s mission statement and conduct. The USO was form ed back in 1941 during the Second World War, bringing the nation together to boost the morale of the American troops. It did the same during the Vietnam War and is continuing to do so in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. The USO also serves for the medication and rehabilitation of all those injured soldiers who lost their vital body parts. The ethical values of the volunteers in this organization are extremely strict. They have a set of rules or a mission statement which must be followed. They include Do the Right Thing, Respect, Collaboration, Excellence, Accountability, Gratitude and Innovation. Working in the jurisdiction of USO, a volunteer must follow these principles. In return, volunteers are provided with various gifts according to the USO policy. These policies are very similar to those of every other functional NGO, as all these organizations have strict moral and ethical guidelines which a volunteer has to follow. The volunteers are not given any financial advantage, but t he volunteership provides them with various gifts and invaluable credits (Rottman, 2012b). Capital Budgeting With such an inflow of donations and funds from different organizations to USO, these funds must be spent in a proper budgeted manner in various fields. According to the financial statement of the USO, there have been total expenses of nearly $300 million by the 31st of December of 2011. The expenses of various processes of the USO are determined (Howell, 2011). According to their expenditure statistics, almost $228 million were spent on contribution of materials, facilities and services. This is the largest proportion of expenditures for the USO, which mainly includes medical support for all injured troops and facilities provided to various troops during their operations at the camps. After these expenditures, come the maintenance programs of various USO camps throughout the world, which required a budget of nearly $33 million in 2011. These expenditures include all maintena nce and day-to-day office work charges, which each camp particularly requires. Other than these expenditures, $35 million were nearly spent on various programs the USO conducted: the camp shows for the entertainment of troops, and the general public awareness programs, for which the USO pays to create awareness in the

Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignity - Essay Example Aside from being an ultimate legal source, the fact that the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty has been recognized under the Communities Act 1972 make this doctrine even stronger. Note that the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is enshrined in the European Communities Act 1972 which provides that the Parliament has the final say when it comes to what laws are to be or should be implemented within the territories of the United Kingdom4. The powers of the Parliament are separate and distinct from the powers of the courts and the courts may not usurp the powers of the Parliament by declaring the laws enacted by the Parliament to be invalid. Technically, this means that when since the powers of the Parliament are distinct, any other government agencies cannot usurp or put limitations to such powers without violating the laws5. Although English law gives the Parliament the powers to enact laws and enjoy sovereignty, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereign has been challenged many times in the past and will be challenged again and again in the future. The devolution of the powers of the Parliament together with some laws and treaties put pressure on sovereignty the sovereignty of the Parliament. Note that there are provisions under the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and in a number of European Union (EU) treaties that may weaken and even override the inherent powers of the parliament. When it comes to the Human Rights Act, there are provisions in the act that allows the courts to review the legislations made by the Parliament or declare these legislations as incompatible with the European Commission on Human Rights (ECHR). On the other hand, the ratchet clauses in some EU Treaties allow the transfer of powers from the UK Parliament to the EU without the need to amend the treaty. Moreover, there are some provisions in the treaties that require the implementation of EU laws over local laws which